Ancient jade

China is a big country that appreciates jade. Archaeology believes that China is one of the three major jade origins in the world (the other two are New Zealand and Central and South America), while the long history and exquisiteness of its craft development is especially led by China.

The earliest prehistoric jade art in China was based on the stone crafts of the time. The jade wares that were unearthed at that time have been unearthed. The original shape is rough and abstract, and there are many ridges and ridges on the plane. Some patterns still have no accurate explanation. At that time, the polishing process was used to make the jade have obvious reflective effects, giving people a thick, radiant and simple aesthetic. In the Neolithic Age, jade articles have been highly respected by people. From archaeological excavations, a large number of jade burial phenomena have been discovered. The head of the tribe's powerful body not only likes to admire jade in life, but also regards jade as the god of Ruizheng. After death, he will also bury the jade in the tomb.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius proposed that "the gentleman is better than the jade". He linked the so-called "eleven virtues" of Confucianism with the various characteristics of the jade land. He believed that the gentleman should always wear jade, "Jade does not go to the body", so jade It became the embodiment of a gentleman and was highly respected by the scholars. In "Li Ji", there is a famous saying "Jade is not a weapon," and Mencius also said that "the jade will be carved", so there is a dispute over the jade. Seeing jade as a gentleman thinks that Dagui does not sculpt, "this is a good thing," while the other party starts from aesthetics and still insists that "there is a person who is a person." These two insights have an impact on the future jade craftsmanship. The jade carvings of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States emphasize symbolic techniques and decorative tastes. For example, the expressions of the people are the words of the "chen", exaggerated rather than shaped. Its shape often accommodates the original shape of jade, taking the beauty of the material itself and the carving process. There is also a borrowing of pretty jade, that is, the borrowing of colored jade and jade stains is also quite impressive. For example, Anyang, Henan Province, unearthed a pretty jade, and used the original two layers of color on the jade material. The black jade layer was used as the back of the nail, and the head was white, the neck and the abdomen.

The jade art of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the realism component has increased, but there is also a lack of romanticism. For example, the unearthed Han Dynasty jade evil spirits is actually a strange beast that takes the characteristics of the lion and tiger. The jade articles of the Tang family are graceful and rich, and some of them have Persian. In the Song Dynasty, due to the well-developed handicraft industry and the high level of painting art, the art of jade was developed towards a three-dimensional panoramic jade carving. People in the Ming and Qing Dynasties often admire the preference of Song Yu, and the collectors of the late Ming Dynasty sorghum: "The Song Dynasty made jade, the ancient art, the shape of the shackles, the helpless Song people." The Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty made the Song people The three-dimensional panoramic jade carving is called "Jade Picture". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade art tends to be antique and crafted; in the late Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it reached the highest peak in the history of ancient jade in China. The antiques of jade articles are actually related to the popular style of art and other art categories at that time. The Qingguan had a cup of sapphire, and a literati landscape was engraved on it. The name of the yang was enlisted in the "Mei Dao Opera". The pursuit of craftsmanship has made the engraving process competing with the strange shapes and unusual decorations to attract collectors, and even the appearance of jade and gold embedded composite ornaments. Because ancient jade is buried underground for a long time, it is subject to water and soil aggression and chemical use, and it will produce secondary color, which is called ochre. It can make jade produce wonderful unspeakable markings. As a kind of special and radiant color beauty, it has always been valued by collectors, so there has been a phenomenon of artificial dyeing with inferior jade. There are also no shortage of masters in this road. For example, the Sapphire Double Baby Ear Cup made by the famous Yao’s burning ancients was praised by the Emperor Qianlong. Because Qianlong was particularly fond of jade, the antique jade articles made by the court at that time were all titled "Da Qing Qianlong Antique". Its shape is unique, the pattern is vivid, polished and clean, and the workmanship is rigorous, reappearing the quaint artistic charm of the bronze pottery.

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