The earliest Chinese jade article research work in the Song Dynasty

In 960 AD, Song Taizu Zhao Yu unified China, ending the social turmoil of the five generations and ten countries for about 200 years. The Song Dynasty was divided into two periods, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, with a history of 319. At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, the government made great efforts, political openness, military strength, social stability, national strength began to recover, and the economy gradually recovered. The jade industry grew rapidly with the development of the economy and had greater development than the Tang Dynasty.

Going to secularization and commercialization

The Song Dynasty was an important period in the history of the development of Chinese jade culture. After the low tide of jade production in the five generations and ten countries, the production of jade has suddenly heated up, and the unification of the country has brought about the prosperity of the cultural economy, especially the jade jade addiction of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. These have directly or indirectly promoted the unprecedented development of the jade in the Song Dynasty. . At this time, the folk jade carving industry has begun to take shape, and the jade market has emerged as the times require. There are shops specializing in jade in Yanliang (now Kaifeng City), Yangzhou and Hangzhou. The tendency of secularization of jade articles in the Song Dynasty and the rise of folk jade carvings are related to the development of commodity economy. The main consumer objects of folk jade carvings are not entirely royal aristocrats, nor are they completely a class of scholars, and ordinary people who are obsessed with jade articles. .

The jade materials used in the Song Dynasty were dominated by Hetian Baiyu, Topaz, and Qingbaiyu, as well as local jade, crystal, and agate.

The extensive use of clever color carving began in Song

The jade artifacts of the Song Dynasty were deeply influenced by the painting art of the time. They were fresh and elegant, with both form and spirit. They were very literary and interesting, and there was no rudeness. Its production process has the following characteristics:

1. The characteristics of the round figures and animals are very general, the knife is skillful, the shape is vivid, and lifelike.

2. The first to open the deep three-dimensional enamel carving, which provides a precedent for the carving process of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

3. The Yin line is thicker than Tang, but it is euphemistic and smooth. It is used to make the sleeves fluttering on the costumes. The phoenix wing feathers, the fish fins and the flower leaves are often carved with straight roots.

4. It is possible to make the color of the jade material, and apply the appropriate carving. This kind of craft is called the carving, and the jade is called the jade. Qiao Seyu first appeared in the Shang Dynasty, and occasionally in the Han Dynasty. This technique was widely used in the Song Dynasty.

Antique jade began in the Song Dynasty

In the Song Dynasty, the emphasis on traditional culture, coupled with the increase in antiquities unearthed underground, raised a retro trend of thought. From Songzong of Song Dynasty to Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty, they were very interested in antiquities, especially ancient jade articles. Many of these acts of feudal rulers had a great influence on the formation of archaeological winds in the Song Dynasty and the appreciation of ancient jade articles by the whole society. Although the origin of antique jade can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but the multi-line and later dynasty inherits the artistic style of the former dynasty, a large number of imitation of ancient jade, began to see the Song Dynasty, therefore, the strict sense of antique jade should start from the Song Dynasty. The antique jade in the Song Dynasty was a large number of imitation Warring States and Western Han Dynasty. There were also commercial and weekly, but in the structure, decoration and crafts, it was not completely copied. Compared with the original, the imitation structure was often more complicated and the carving was more rounded. fine.

There are many kinds of jade ornaments in the Song Dynasty. There are various forms such as belt ornaments and accessories. From the current discovery of the Song Dynasty, the ancient jade, which belongs to the 璜, ring, 珩, and red teeth systems, is no longer popular, but instead is like an animal. Birds, flowers, fish worms, etc., especially Yulong, Jade Boys account for a large proportion; jade belt ornaments mainly include straps, hooks, straps, carrying, buckles and so on.

In the Song Dynasty, scholars and paintings prospered, and many houses and utensils became objects that the jade craftsmen carefully carved, such as "Dragon's Tiger Pen Holder", "Sapphire Beast Drop", "White Jade Lotus Leaf Wash", "Sapphire Wrangler Paperweight", "Crystal" Mountain pen holder" and so on. These jade-style stationery appliances not only have practical functions, but also take the image of children, birds, beasts and melons as decorative objects, and become crafts that are lively and free, culturally pleasing, easy to set up and play. Living utensils or daily utensils, such as bowls, dishes, pots, cups, pots, etc. Chinese jade articles, especially jade carving products with practical significance, have since embarked on the road of decoration.

The earliest jade research works in the Song Dynasty

Many decorative patterns on the jade wares of the Song Dynasty have obvious characteristics of the times, and some of them have influences on the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The main patterns are moiré, fish, bird, grass, animal face, dragon, crepe and so on. The most noteworthy is the flower jade jade from the Tang Dynasty, which has developed a lot in the Song Dynasty. The flower-bird-shaped jade in the Song Dynasty interacted with the painting art at that time, and it was mostly in a realistic style with a complete pattern, with flower buds, mosaics and stems.

In the Song Dynasty, the earliest jade article research work in China was also produced, namely the "archaeological map" of Lu Dalin in the 7th year of the Northern Song Dynasty Yuanyou (1092). "Archae" contains a variety of artifacts such as ancient urns, ancient coins, ancient jade, ancient inscriptions, ancient stone drums, ancient stone carvings, etc. Although there are only 14 ancient jade articles, this is not an idealized interpretation of jade articles from rituals. Instead, it has created a new world of research on the handed down jade and unearthed jade artifacts, which is of great significance.

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